The Te Arawa raiders had set out on foot at first light from Tokomaru Bay. Their number included six slaves. Forty warriors remained behind to guard the remaining slaves, wakas and other plunder they’d acquired.

The new day brought with it strong winds, black clouds and the threat of a violent storm on Aotearoa’s east coast, and the heavy rain that seemed certain to arrive that morning would be the first rain the region had received in some time.

Apera had debated whether to abandon his plan to attack the enemy’s pa atop the headland on foot. The rangatira had decided to heed the advice of others who insisted it was impregnable from the sea. He was now convinced his best bet was to launch a surprise night-time attack on foot. Whether it would actually come as a surprise to the Ngati Porou remained to be seen. He didn’t doubt they would have their own scouts on the lookout for enemies in their territory – especially now that the presence of his raiding party was known.

Guided by a male slave who bore the marks of a savage beating he’d suffered, the warriors followed a partly overgrown, seldom-used track that would lead them to the coast. They had at least three full days’ trekking ahead of them as it was a roundabout route that would take them some distance inland. The rugged terrain was bush-covered and dissected by rivers and deep, rocky gorges. Even with the help of slaves it was hard going, laden down as the raiders were by their weapons and supplies.

Apera was near the front of the column. His latest conquest, Emere, followed close behind. To the bemusement of the other warriors, the recently widowed wahine seemed a willing accomplice who dutifully followed the man responsible for the deaths of her husband and children. They could see she was now as much under Apera’s spell as he was under hers.

Emere was a fatalist and a realist. Though the man who now possessed her had taken her nearest and dearest from her, and had shattered the peaceful life she’d lived these past twenty-three years, he now controlled her destiny. That was her new reality, and she accepted it. To resist, she knew, would be futile, and so, with some difficulty and more than a little guilt, she put her past behind her and mentally prepared herself for a new life with this new man. Her future was easier to accept than it might have been because she sensed that in Apera she had a man, a rangatira, who was all-powerful and who would look after her. It didn’t hurt either that she was physically attracted to him like she had been to no other man.

#

The rain that had been threatening arrived early the following day, reducing the trail the raiders followed to a muddy quagmire and slowing their progress considerably. The slaves accompanying them had to work especially hard, lugging many of the supplies and extra weapons. All large men, they were also a useful food source for raiders who didn’t have time to hunt or gather food whilst trekking cross-country. This accounted for the fact that their number had been reduced to four overnight: two of them had been killed, cooked and eaten the previous evening. The surviving slaves, who remained tethered together by a strong cord that encircled the neck of each, were resigned to their fate and to the fact they were unlikely to see Tokomaru Bay again.

Throughout the day, scouts regularly reported back to Apera, advising him on the best route they should take and whether the way ahead was clear. One advised that the Ngati Porou had completely abandoned their inland pa and relocated to their stronghold on the coastal headland. That told Apera that the Te Arawa scout their enemies had captured earlier had revealed what his fellow raiders were planning.

#

The raiders reached the coast four days after departing Tokomaru Bay. Their trek had taken a day longer than expected as progress had been slowed by driving rain, and by mud slides necessitating several course corrections.

Dusk was descending as Apera and three of his warriors observed the Ngati Porou’s coastal pa from a bush clearing on a nearby hilltop. The rangatira had left his main strike force a mile or so inland to lessen the chance they’d be seen by enemy scouts or hunters. He wanted to maintain some degree of surprise in the attack he was planning. 

Studying the pa from just two hundred yards distant, it was immediately obvious that the Ngati Porou were expecting an attack. Sentries manned the pa’s ramparts and lookout towers, and a dozen armed warriors could be seen patrolling all approaches to the pa. Most of the latter carried torches, but the flames flickered precariously and in some cases didn’t fire at all in the howling wind. The earlier torrential rain had stopped, but the gale-force southerly annoyingly persisted.

Apera could see the information he’d received was correct: the pa was virtually impregnable from the sea. “A frontal attack is the only way,” he murmured.

The warrior closest to him, a scarred veteran of innumerable clashes, grunted his agreement. “Ae, it is the only way,” he concurred.

Apera could tell a frontal attack would be no easy undertaking either. The rangatira was impressed by the pa’s formidable fortifications, and, if his informants were correct, the enemy’s fighting force equalled or perhaps exceeded his in size. He was thankful for the heavy cloud cover. The extra darkness it afforded would help conceal his warriors from the enemy despite the sentries’ flickering torches. Even so, he thought it probable they’d be seen well before they reached the pa’s outer fortifications because all the approaches had been cleared of boulders, bush, shrubs and anything else that might conceal an enemy. “We attack tonight under cover of darkness,” he said. Having seen enough, he and his companions jogged back to join the others.

It was dark by the time they reached their encampment. They arrived to discover the other warriors had ambushed and captured a twenty-strong party of Ngati Porou hunters. All but two of the hunters had been killed, their bodies left in a heap nearby. Many of the deceased were young, some barely into their teens.

Apera saw at a glance the surviving hunters, who both appeared to be in their mid-twenties, were tethered together alongside a roaring fire. In the light of the flames, they appeared downcast and fearful. Both displayed injuries as a result of wounds they’d received. They were being interrogated by Kaihautu who stood over them, firing questions at them and striking them if they were slow to respond.

“Who are these dogs?” the rangatira asked his brother.

“They are Ngati Porou hunters,” Kaihautu said, kicking the nearest captive whose answer to his latest question had displeased him. “They were returning to their pa with their kills.” He pointed to a pile of carcasses, which had been lined up in rows nearby ready for cooking. They included freshwater crayfish and eels, native ducks, bush pigeons and a variety of other birds.

“Why did you spare these two?” Apera asked, looking at the captives.

“Because they were more talkative than the others…and they revealed some interesting truths.”

“Such as?”

“They told us the headland their pa sits on has no lake or river or other source of fresh water.”

Apera realised this meant his strike force could possibly besiege the pa until the defenders surrendered or died of thirst. “I am sure they would have dug ponds on the headland and those ponds will be full after the recent heavy rain.”

Frowning, Kaihautu kicked the nearest captive who appeared to be the more frightened of the two. “Is he correct? Are there ponds on the headland?”

The captive nodded furiously. “Ae, it is as he says. There are four deep ponds and they will be full by now.”

“How long could your people last if there is no more rain?” Apera asked.

“Maybe…ten days.”

“Only ten days?” a disbelieving Kaihautu asked, shaping up to kick the captive again.

“There are eight hundred of us at the pa and the ponds drain quickly!” the captive hurriedly explained, cowering from his interrogator’s raised foot. 

“What about food?” Apera asked, aware that his enemies’ water supplies wouldn’t be a factor if the rain continued.

“There is enough food for maybe seven days.”

It was the other captive who spoke. He seemed more composed than his companion even though he’d received the worse beating of the two. Mumbling through swollen, bleeding lips, he sullenly added, “Maybe enough for six days now that you have our latest kills.” He glanced at the fire where the birds and other creatures he and his fellow hunters had killed were ready to be roasted.

Thinking aloud, Apera said, “So, even if it rains every day and our enemies are able to quench their thirst, we could camp at the pa’s entrance and wait for them to starve.”

“We could,” Kaihautu agreed, “but he” – the warrior pointed at the more fearful of the two captives – “told us there is a lightly guarded entrance to their pa on the southern side of the ramparts.”

Realising his interrogator was pointing at him, the captive concerned nodded vigorously yet again, indicating there was indeed a lightly guarded entrance. “It cannot be seen from the approaches to the main entrance,” he said. “It is the gate we are…” Choosing his words more carefully, he said, “It is the gate we would have used when we returned.” He ignored the scathing glance his companion flashed his way.

The glance was noticed by Apera, which confirmed to his satisfaction the more talkative captive was telling the truth. Turning back to Kaihautu, he asked, “So you think that is our way in?”

“That is our way in, brother.”

Apera thought it a good idea except for one major complication. “They would see us before we were halfway to the outer stockade… even without moonlight. Their guards patrol all the approaches with flaming torches in hand.”

“I expected as much. That will be of no matter if the guards believe we are the returning hunters.” Smiling, Kaihautu glanced at the bodies of the slaughtered hunters.

Apera didn’t need it spelled out for him. He understood at once what his brother had in mind. The more he thought about it, the more he thought it could work. “Untie them,” he said, pointing at the two captives. “And select sixteen of our best warriors.”

Kaihautu hurried to carry out his brother’s orders.

A sudden change in wind direction caused the fire to crackle and spark, and it was then Apera noticed Emere. She sat alone, away from the other slaves, on the far side of the fire. Her beautiful face was illuminated by the flames, and Apera could see she was staring directly at him.

The flames quickly settled and her face was cast in shadow again, but in that brief moment the message Emere had conveyed was unmistakable: she wanted him.

Apera’s distraction was noticed by Kaihautu. “We must go now, brother,” he said.

“Give me one moment.” Apera strode off to satisfy his sudden lust for the wahine who so captivated him.

Nicholas’s sojourn in paradise ended as abruptly as it began. Early on the morning of the transit of Venus, Captain Cook’s servant Will Howson arrived at the village to pass on the captain’s orders: the surgeon’s assistant was to make haste to the observatory. More sobering was the news they’d be sailing the next day…

The late thirteenth century had seen the advent of the pa, the fortified village that served as a stronghold for iwis under siege in Aotearoa. By the early 1500’s, those fortifications were becoming remarkably sophisticated. Nowhere was this better demonstrated than on the rocky headland at the southern end of the bay occupied by the Ngati Porou iwi. Like pa sites elsewhere, the iwi had made best use of the available terrain.

The headland that accommodated the pa extended some distance out into the Pacific and overlooked the entire bay as well as miles of coastline to the north and south. Cleared of bush, the only vegetation left was a line of pohutukawa trees that ran along the clifftops. The steep, white cliffs ensured that access was only possible from the land. Anyone who tried to attack from the sea could easily be repelled. A few boys throwing rocks would suffice.

The pa’s main defences were concentrated on protecting its entrance. Two lines of trenches had been dug from one side of the narrow headland to the other to help repel any raiders who chose to attack on foot. These same trenches could be turned into killing fields when enemies tried to cross them. Each was surmounted by a stockade to doubly protect the defenders, and underground tunnels enabled them to retreat if they were in danger of being over-run. This clever design, used by the Ngati Porou and increasingly by Maori everywhere, was surprisingly advanced and effective – as British troops would discover to their cost one day.

The pa itself comprised sturdy timber ramparts surmounted by wooden lookout towers and fighting platforms. These were the last line of defence should the trenches not do the job they were designed to do.

Behind the ramparts, an entire kainga [village] had been constructed. It comprised whares, storage houses, kumara pits and gardens, and most prominent of all a wharenui, or meeting house. It was here the eight hundred villagers would live if attacked.

The pa’s one drawback was that the headland it occupied had no stream or other source of freshwater, which explained why the iwi had opted to establish its permanent settlement on a riverbank half a mile inland. Iwi members only relocated to their coastal pa when there was risk of an attack – as was the case now.

Mahanga, the ageing rangatira of the Ngati Porou, paused in his early morning inspection of the fortifications to stare at a hill, which stood like a sentinel at the northern end of the bay that the pa overlooked. Kaiti Hill was the ancestral site of the Ngati Oneone hapu, a sub-tribe whose marae was located at the base of the hill. From the hill’s summit they had uninterrupted views north to the eastern cape where Mahanga knew the Te Arawa war party was preparing to launch its attack. He’d learned this from the enemy scout his men had captured and tortured several days earlier. Ngati Oneone residents would alert their Ngati Porou neighbours of any approaching threat as the two peoples were close allies. Unless they happened to be cut off, the former would relocate to the pa on the headland in the event of an attack.

Before dying, the Te Arawa scout had proven talkative after having had his feet held to the flames of a cooking fire. The information he’d imparted had given Mahanga a couple of sleepless nights.

Yawning as he continued his inspection tour, he reviewed what he’d learned. By all accounts the enemy’s rangatira, Apera, had three hundred battle-hardened warriors and numerous wakas, including those they’d taken possession of at Tokomaru Bay. More disturbingly, it was evident he was intent on invading the Ngati Porou pa.

The number of warriors the Te Arawa had didn’t concern Mahanga. He had that many and more, and he didn’t think the wakas would be of use to his enemies because any attack from the sea would be futile. If they didn’t already realise that, he thought, they soon would. What did concern the rangatira was the Te Arawa warriors were by all accounts battle-hardened, having prevailed in numerous conflicts with coastal iwis during their journey south from Maketu, a place Mahanga had never heard of. While his own warriors had been tested, having repelled half a dozen attacks on the pa by southern war parties in recent years, they could hardly be described as battle-hardened. The pa’s impressive fortifications had so far rebuffed any attacks, and his warriors had not yet had to engage in any serious hand-to-hand fighting. Such was the advantage those fortifications provided. The Te Arawa warriors might present an altogether different proposition. 

What most concerned Mahanga, however, was the pa’s lack of fresh water. Water had to be carried to the site in wooden calabashes and poured into purpose-built, rocky ponds, which had been designed to catch rainwater and act as reservoirs in times of need. However, even when full the ponds would only sustain the iwi’s eight hundred people for seven to ten days at most during dry periods. As luck would have it, the present winter was one of the driest in living memory, and there was no sign of rain on the horizon. In the event of a siege, someone would have to descend the cliffs in darkness, fill calabashes with water from one of the streams that emptied into the bay and return unnoticed. That he realised would be quite a challenge as any self-respecting enemy would be on guard against such attempts.

The rangatira’s thoughts turned to his Te Arawa counterpart as he stopped to observe half a dozen men who were replacing rotting timbers on either side of the pa’s entrance. He’d never heard of Apera, but thought he sounded like someone to be reckoned with even if only half what the captured scout had told him was true. The scout said the ancestors of Apera and his people had travelled to Aotearoa aboard the Arawa waka. Pondering that fact, Mahanga looked north again. As he did he subconsciously massaged the stub of an extra small finger on his left hand – a family trait his late father and great grandfather had also been born with. He remained unaware that Apera shared the same trait or that they were both descended from Hotu who had first journeyed to Aotearoa aboard the Ronui – the very waka which had landed on the same beach he now surveyed.

Since the arrival of Mahanga’s ancestors on these shores, his people had flourished. The land and sea had provided all they needed, and any inter-tribal disputes had generally been settled quickly and peacefully. Change was afoot unfortunately. Iwis were now at war throughout Aotearoa. And war was coming Mahanga’s way. Of that he was sure. 

The rangatira was distracted by the sounds of sticks clashing to the accompaniment of grunts of exertion. He looked around and saw his daughter-in-law Anahera sparring with a teenage boy nearby. The pair each wielded a wooden taiaha, or close-quarters staff, a weapon favoured by Maori everywhere. Useful for short, sharp strikes and stabbing thrusts, its use required superior hand-speed, deft footwork and considerable skill.

Mahanga’s daughter-in-law was, he thought, well named. Anahera in Maori folklore stood for Majestic and Powerful Angel. And that she was. Anahera’s sculpted body turned heads wherever she went, and although much lighter than the bulky teenager she sparred with, she was giving him a painful lesson. That was no surprise to the rangatira or to any of the other spectators who had gathered to watch the training session. The young wahine was after all a blooded warrior who had proved herself in battle. Wahines like her – and there were more than a few – often fought alongside their men with distinction.

The bulky teenager grunted in pain as his skillful tutor delivered a blow to an unprotected shin.

“Protect your legs!” Anahera said as she switched her grip on the taiaha and whacked the teenager across one shoulder with it, prompting another grunt from her victim.

“Protect your shoulders, too!” a spectator yelled, causing mirth amongst others watching and causing the teenager no small amount of embarrassment.

“Ignore them,” Anahera said to her bloodied and bruised student. “They can’t fight to save themselves.”

As the training session continued, Mahanga noticed one of his scouts jogging toward him through the pa’s entrance.

“The Te Arawa dogs are coming!” the scout shouted.

“Overland?” Mahanga asked as the breathless scout stopped in front of him.

“Ae…Overland…They will arrive in two days…Three at most.”

“How many?”

“We counted at least two hundred and fifty warriors.”

Mahanga pondered this as villagers began crowding around, keen to hear what the scout had to report. Anahera and her teenage sparring partner were among them.

Pushing through the crowd, Anahera stood before the scout. “Only two hundred and fifty warriors?” she asked. “The Te Arawa prisoner told us they had at least three hundred.” She knew that to be a fact as she was one of those who had held the captive’s feet to the fire before he died.

The scout didn’t like being questioned by a wahine, not even one related by marriage to Mahanga, and he glanced at the rangatira who nodded almost imperceptibly. “They left about forty warriors behind at Tokomaru to guard their slaves and wakas,” the scout mumbled.

Mahanga placed one hand on the scout’s shoulder. “You did well. Eat and rest, and then inform the others I want regular reports on our enemies’ progress.” The others he referred to were the other twelve scouts patrolling overland approaches to the pa.

The scout nodded and jogged off, leaving Mahanga to decide on the best course of action. He turned to Anahera. “Inform your husband of this news,” he said, referring to Nikau, his oldest son. “Bring him to the meeting house.”

Anahera hurried off to find Nikau while her father-in-law walked back to the quarters he shared with his three wives and their extended family. He wanted to check on them before he held a council of war with his headmen.

War was coming and he wanted his people to be ready.

Mahanga had good reason to be concerned: his Te Arawa counterpart, Apera, was at that moment leading a two hundred and sixty-strong raiding party north from Tokomaru Bay, their destination the Ngati Porou pa. They would present the biggest challenge his people had ever faced.

The Te Arawa raiders had set out on foot at first light from Tokomaru Bay. Their number included six slaves. Forty warriors remained behind to guard the remaining slaves, wakas and other plunder they’d acquired…

For the first time, the hills and shores of Aotearoa echoed to the sounds of war. As competition for land and food resources increased, inter-tribal fighting became the norm. The inevitable result was war on a scale never before seen in Kupe’s land. Fighting was hand-to-hand, vicious and bloody.

One ugly side-effect of the conflict was cannibalism.

Eating the flesh of enemies provided a new source of meat as well as having symbolic significance for the victors. Cannibalism quickly became part of Maori culture, just as it had throughout the islands of the South Pacific. The losers in warfare accepted they would end their days in slavery or on the cooking fire, or probably both. Slaves provided labour for hard manual work and were a source of food when their meat-starved captors were hungry.

Feuds erupted between iwis which had previously lived side by side in peace. As rivalries intensified, bloodshed followed. Given the Maori preoccupation with mana [prestige] any slight was an invitation to violent retribution. The concept of mercy was unknown and the cycle of revenge that resulted was known as utu, or blood vengeance.

Utu would become the law by which Maori lived. It would survive, indeed flourish, until well into the nineteenth century.

Apera’s Te Arawa iwi had consolidated their tribal base at Rotorua, the inland whakatikatikatanga [settlement] located on the shores of the same thermal lake where they’d resided since relocating from coastal Maketu. But like most tribes of the day they needed more land for their ever-expanding population. It was because of this their rangatira decided to lead a sizeable war party down the east coast in search of slaves and new territory.

The decision to make war was not taken lightly. The Te Arawa had long been insulated from the feuding that was now common amongst coastal tribes. Increasing demand for new territory had recently seen their own tribal lands come under threat. Fortunately, their superior numbers had enabled them to repel any invaders. However, this was not enough to ensure their survival. More land, slaves and riches were needed.

Winter was always the worst time to travel or to make war. The land was cold and food was at its scarcest, but the Te Arawa warriors chose to make their move in the middle of winter when their enemies would likely be least prepared.

Almost one year to the day after he killed the last surviving moa, Apera led a war party of two hundred warriors to the coast. Among the headmen in their midst was the rangatira’s younger brother and right hand man, Kaihautu. He, too, was a natural leader, which was fitting because his name translated as A man with leadership qualities.

The brothers were always to the fore in any conflict. Opposites in many ways, they were a study in contrasts: Apera was tall and lean while Kaihautu was squat and heavy. The latter hadn’t inherited the family trait, and Kaihautu often ribbed his older bro about the stub of the extra small finger on his right hand. Both men possessed strength and courage in equal measure, often fighting side by side as was their wont. Individually, they were fearsome fighters; together they were an unstoppable force, overpowering all opposition they’d encountered.  

Joining with their cousins at Maketu, the original landing place of the Arawa waka, Apera now commanded a force of some three hundred warriors. Six mighty double-hulled wakas carried them south, their destination a coastal cape that was said to be Aotearoa’s most easterly point. Te Arawa scouts had earlier reported the hunting and fishing was good around the cape and the land there was ready for the taking.

Along the way, Apera’s warriors plundered and looted many of the coastal villages, sometimes attacking from the sea, sometimes overland and sometimes simultaneously from land and sea, using a pincer-like strategy. The raids, like those occurring everywhere else in Aotearoa, began and ended with a mighty haka, or war dance, performed by the raiders – unless it was a surprise attack in which case no haka was performed beforehand.

Unfortunately for the Te Arawa raiders, the early pickings were slim. Heavily-armed northern invaders had recently swept south, wreaking havoc in the villages, slaughtering or enslaving their inhabitants and taking whatever caught their fancy.

Apera discovered that since his scouts’ reports had come in, those same northerners had invaded the eastern cape region as well. By the time the Te Arawa war party rounded the cape it had little to show for its exploits other than twenty or so undernourished slaves and some modest spoils. Those spoils included food, feathered cloaks, tools and weapons, and a single-hulled waka, which Apera used to transport the slaves.

An area just south of the cape held greater promise, according to the slaves who were predictably eager to please their captors. It was, they advised, the territory of the Ngati Porou iwi whose village was some thirty miles away. War parties from the north hadn’t ventured that far and incursions from the south had been repelled by the local iwi, so there were riches to be had there.

#

Dusk was fast approaching when the Te Arawa raiders’ flotilla entered a picturesque bay local Maori called Tokomaru Bay. On the beach, twenty or more wakas lay at rest above the highwater mark, and atop a small rise overlooking it was a pa, or fortified village. It appeared to accommodate about three hundred people, which tallied with estimates Apera’s slaves had provided earlier. The rangatira counted about eighty whares [huts] within the pa’s stockades. Smoke from cooking fires curled up into a darkening sky.

The Te Arawa flotilla’s appearance in the bay caused considerable panic on shore. Armed warriors took up defensive positions while others prepared to launch wakas to intercept the enemy’s flotilla. They evidently had second thoughts when they saw the size of the fleet, retreating instead behind their fortifications to await the invaders’ arrival, which could now be measured in heartbeats.

Apera was standing in the bow of the front waka, his legs braced to maintain his balance. He looked around at his brother who was standing in the bow of the following waka. “Are they Ngati Porou?” he shouted.

Kaihautu turned around and consulted a slave who sat immediately behind him. Looking back at Apera, he shouted, “Ae…They are Ngati Porou.”

The rangatira nodded and turned his attention back to the villagers on shore. He thought it more likely they were a sub-tribe of Ngati Porou given their small numbers and the fact that their settlement was located in that iwi’s territory. His lip curled into a cruel smile as he imagined how much the villagers would now be regretting they hadn’t relocated to the Ngati Porou’s coastal stronghold to the south.

“They are ripe for the plucking,” a warrior at Apera’s shoulder murmured.

The rangatira nodded. “Ae…They are,” he agreed. Though tempted to bypass the village, the lure of a quick slaughter, slaves, wahines and other bounty was strong – too strong to resist.

As the leading waka caught a wave and surfed the last forty yards to the beach, Apera studied the pa’s defences. He was pleased to note the stockade was in a state of disrepair, and there was no sign of the trenches, lookout towers or other defences that were a hallmark of bigger, well-defended pas like the Te Arawa’s own one at Rotorua and their allies’ pa at Maketu.

The Te Arawa raiders were among the very first outsiders to have visited Tokomaru Bay in such numbers, so remote was it, and the villagers believed their isolation kept them safely removed from the conflicts that raged elsewhere – until today.

The conflict that followed was as bloody as it was brief; resistance was weak and short-lived because the villagers had little experience of war.

Apera’s raiders killed almost every villager, sparing only the rangatira Rawiri, his two wives, thirty warriors and twenty-five nubile wahines. The warriors, all big men, were considered suitable candidates for slavery while the wahines would be used by the raiders for pleasure before being enslaved or killed.

As darkness fell, flames lit up the night sky after the raiders set fire to the whares and other structures. It wasn’t long before Rawiri’s whare was the only one left standing. Warriors wandered amongst the fallen, dispatching survivors with a savage thrust of a spear or blow from a club. The larger, meatier corpses – males and females – were stacked in a pile on the marae, a communal meeting place in the middle of the pa. These would be cooked, and the flesh and organs of many would be eaten before the night was over. Uneaten flesh would be cut into strips then smoked, packed and saved for eating in the days and weeks ahead.

It wasn’t long before the cries of the wounded faded. The only sounds were the crackling of flames and the triumphant shouts of the victorious Te Arawa warriors. Those same warriors then performed an impromptu haka to celebrate their triumph. Chanting, gyrating, leaping and stamping the ground in unison, the war dance was awesome, gut-wrenching and terrifying all at the same time. Between chants, the participants poked out their tongues, a chilling reminder that those vanquished would be eaten. Warriors needed no such reminding for all were aware, regardless of which iwi they belonged to, that that was the likely fate of those killed or enslaved. Maoris believed they inherited their enemies’ strength when they ate them.

#

Later that night, after the Te Arawa warriors had had their fill of human flesh and the flames of burning structures had dwindled to smouldering embers, Apera and Kaihautu interrogated the vanquished rangatira. The brothers along with four other warriors had headed straight for Rawiri’s whare at the outset of hostilities. Larger by far than the other structures in the village, it accommodated twenty or so people, including the rangatira’s two wives and their six young children. All except for the rangatira and his wives had been slaughtered.

Rawiri, whose name translated as The Beloved One, trembled as Apera jabbed him with the tip of a spear. He was well named for he was loved by all his people. It wasn’t fear that made Rawiri tremble; it was grief and pain that caused his tremors. A blow from a club had left his right arm shattered, and blood flowed from a head wound. The pain caused by his wounds, however, was nothing compared to the pain he felt at the tragedy that had befallen his people. Around him the bodies of slaughtered children and other members of his extended family lay scattered about like rag dolls. The level of violence and depravity was like nothing the vanquished rangatira or his people had ever before witnessed.

“Are you Ngati Porou?” Apera asked, jabbing the defeated rangatira yet again with his spear.

Rawiri nodded dumbly. “Ae,” he mumbled through bleeding lips, tearing his eyes away from the broken body of his youngest son who lay close by.

The Beloved One’s two wives looked on as the questioning of their husband continued. They were distraught over the loss of their children whose mutilated bodies were almost unrecognisable, but the younger wife, a woman of striking appearance, did her best to hide her distress. She remained surprisingly stoical. This was noted by her husband’s interrogator. 

“How far are we from the coastal pa of the Ngati Porou?” Apera asked.

Rawiri remained silent. He just glared at his opposite, his hatred clear for all to see. Apera jabbed his prisoner again, harder this time, causing Rawiri to grunt in pain as the spear’s sharp tip pierced the flesh of his good arm. Blood flowed from the wound.

“Tell him what he wants to know, Rawiri!”

The order came from the bloodied rangatira’s younger wife Emere. A beautiful wahine, she displayed little deference to the raiders who had so brutally invaded her sanctuary and destroyed the world she knew. The screams of wahines being raped outside carried to her, threatening to destroy her resolve. Determined to keep her fear under control, she pretended not to hear them.

Apera observed the outspoken wahine coldly. Unaware that two of the slaughtered children in the whare – a young boy and girl – were hers, he promised himself he would have her later. Returning his attention to Rawiri, he warned that he would kill both his wives if he didn’t cooperate. The warning prompted an outburst of crying and pleading from the older wife.

“It is a two-day trek along the coast to the Ngati Porou pa,” Rawiri said, grimacing as pain shot through his broken arm. 

Apera studied his opposite, looking for some sign of subterfuge. He saw no such sign. “How many warriors do they have?”

Rawiri didn’t reply. Apera could see his opposite was struggling to remain conscious. He repeated his question, louder this time.

“About three hundred warriors,” Rawiri mumbled before toppling over, unconscious.

The comatose rangatira’s oldest wife crawled over from where she’d been cowering to comfort her husband while his interrogator considered what he’d learned. The estimate of enemy numbers tallied with the information he’d already received from other sources, so he could now plan his next moves accordingly.

Sensing Kaihautu was becoming restless, Apera nodded toward Rawiri. “Kill him,” he said. This prompted a cry of distress from the older wife. “And do what you like with her,” he added, pointing at the distraught wahine.

“What about her?” Kaihautu asked, looking lustfully at Emere.

“She is mine,” Apere said, locking eyes with the younger wife.

Kaihautu wanted to rape Emere. He had lusted after her the moment he’d set eyes on her. However, he held his tongue for he’d learned the hard way it was unwise to disobey the rangatira, even though they were brothers. Instead, he quickly despatched the still unconscious Rawiri with a savage blow from the club he held then dragged the older wahine, kicking and screaming, from the whare to have her.

Apera had kept his eyes on Emere when his brother killed her husband. He’d noticed she displayed no emotion. Not even a grimace or a flinch. Now she looked directly at him. Their eyes locked once again and he was impressed that she still showed no fear. Suddenly aroused, he realised he needed her. Urgently. Throwing his spear to one side, he stood up and moved toward her.

Emere held up her hand, motioning to him to stop. Apera pulled up one pace short. They stared at each other for one long drawn-out moment, each searching the other’s eyes.

Finally, Emere murmured, “Not here.” The wahine glanced around at the bodies of the others, including her own children. She needed to distance herself from this place of death.

Apera understood. He slowly extended his right hand, and after the briefest hesitation Emere took his hand in hers and allowed him to pull her to him. She came into his arms and he clasped her tight to him, pushing his groin hard against hers. To his surprise, she didn’t resist.

“Not here!” she said again, more insistent this time.

Apera nodded. He led her quickly from the whare in search of a quiet place, his passion increasing with every step.

Emere shared his passion in equal measure. It was something she couldn’t begin to explain or even understand. The widowed wahine mourned the loss of her beloved husband and children yet lusted after the man who had killed them. It went against everything she’d ever believed in, and the suddenness and intensity of her feelings for this monster next to her frightened her. She wondered if it was some kind of defensive reaction to help her remain sane and not succumb to the feelings of darkness and despair that threatened to overwhelm her.

Outside, on the marae, Emere ignored as best she could the celebrations underway. Apera’s warriors were cooking the carcasses of their victims on spits that had been erected over a dozen or more cooking fires while others took turns to rape those wahines who had been spared. Spirits were high. It was always the case after a successful raid. At the sight of the carcasses, the wahine closed her eyes. Her people used to roast moas like that before the big birds became extinct. 

Warriors cheered their rangatira after they noticed him emerge from the whare with his captive. The pair ignored them as they hurried off into the darkness.

Apera pulled Emere by the hand into the bush behind the pa, stopping only when they came to a grassy clearing. Away from the prying eyes of the others, they hurriedly discarded their garments then lay down and gave themselves fully to the passion that had overtaken them both.

#

At dawn the following day, Apera dispatched four of his best scouts to survey the Ngati Porou pa further down the coast. They travelled on foot via an inland route in order to avoid the coastal walking tracks and villages. Their orders were to report back on the numbers of enemy warriors, their preparedness and weapons at their disposal, and the strength of their fortifications. Because of the circuitous route they followed, they had a three-day trek ahead of them before they reached the enemy’s pa.

#

Six days later, three of the scouts who had been sent to survey the Ngati Porou stronghold returned. Breathless, they reported directly to Apira’s brother.

“Where is Kiwa?” Kaihautu asked of the missing scout.

“He was captured by Ngati Porou hunters,” the senior scout said.

Kaihautu scowled. “So our enemies know we are coming.” He glared at the senior scout as if he blamed him personally. “What did you learn?”

“Our enemy’s territory includes good hunting and fishing grounds,” the senior scout said.

“Their village has much worth taking,” said the youngest scout who was barely into his mid-teens.

That caught Kaihautu’s attention. “Go on,” he said.

“Many slaves,” the young scout said. “Too many to count… And their wahines must be the most beautiful in the land!”

The other scouts rolled their eyes, indicating their youthful companion may be exaggerating.

Undeterred, the young scout added, “I saw wakas also. Maybe fifty wakas on the beach.”

Not to be outdone, the third scout delivered his assessment of the Ngati Porou iwi’s wealth, further confirming there were rich pickings to be had.

Kaihautu was wise enough to realise people with so much territory and wealth would be no pushover in a conflict. “What are their numbers?” he asked.

“At least eight hundred,” the senior scout said, “including three hundred fighting men.”

“And their defences?”

“Strong. Very strong.”

As the rangatira’s brother listened to the scout describe what he and his companions had observed, he quickly came to the realisation that victory over the Ngati Porou in battle would be no foregone conclusion. When the scouts finished telling him everything they’d observed he strode off to convey the sobering news to Apera. He found him inspecting the raiding party’s cache of weapons and informed him of what he’d learned.

“What of the Ngati Porou fortifications?” Apera asked.

“The scouts reported the pa’s fortifications are strong. Our enemies occupy high ground on a rocky peninsular that cannot be invaded from the sea, and deep trenches have been dug in front of the ramparts.”

The brothers looked at each other gravely. There were some big decisions to make – not the least being whether to risk everything in what could well be a costly attack on a well-defended pa.

The late fourteenth century had seen the advent of the pa, the fortified village that served as a stronghold for iwis under siege in Aotearoa. By the early 1500’s, those fortifications were becoming remarkably sophisticated. Nowhere was this better demonstrated than on the rocky headland at the southern end of the bay occupied by the Ngati Porou iwi…

Half a dozen hunters followed a well-used trail through dense bush in the rugged central region of Aotearoa’s northern island, their bare feet slipping in the mud underfoot. The trail connected their tribe’s settlement at Rotorua, on the shores of a lake of the same name, to another village at Maketu, on the east coast. It was a gloomy winter’s day and they moved quickly to keep warm.

Tattoos adorned the face of each man, rendering his grim countenance even more fierce than it naturally was. The markings were a rite of passage among the tribe’s menfolk, and with few exceptions they underwent the painful process as soon as they were old enough to wield a club or throw a spear. In many cases their tattoos also adorned the chest and limbs.

The hunters were led by Apera, a descendant of Hotu who had followed in the footsteps of Kupe and brought his people to Aotearoa almost two hundred years ago. On his return voyage to Kupe’s land, Hotu had landed at Maketu aboard the giant voyaging waka Arawa as part of the Great Fleet. Apera was rangatira of the Te Arawa people whose iwi [tribe] was named after that same waka. It was a name he and his people wore with pride.

Like his fellow hunters, Apera wore a traditional grass skirt and dogskin shawl, and he wore his long black hair in a tight bun atop his head. Two white feathers protruded from it, distinguishing the rangatira from the others who each displayed a single white feather. In his right hand he held a huata, or long throwing spear, and hanging from a flax cord tied around his waist was a wooden patu [club]. Its intricately carved handle bore nine notches, each one denoting a kill in conflicts with warriors of other iwis. His fellow hunters were similarly armed.

Apera had inherited the family trait of other males in his line – the stub of an extra finger. In this case the stub comprised an extra small finger on his right hand.

Iwis now occupied Aotearoa from the far north to the deep south. Collectively, the people of these various tribes were known as Maoris – a name some, for reasons known only to themselves, translated as ordinary people. They did not think of themselves as Maori. They considered themselves to be of their iwi – even if that community numbered only a hundred or so souls. Still, they had many things in common: they considered Hawaiki their spiritual homeland and they believed their spirits returned there after they departed the physical realm. Many also considered themselves descendants of the great Hawaikan explorer Kupe although in most cases that noble connection might have been more wishful thinking than fact. In Apera’s case it was fact.

Apera and his men were on a mission. They were hunting moas, the giant flightless birds that had always been a staple part of their diet. Once found in abundance throughout the land, the emu-like birds were becoming increasingly scarce. In fact, many weeks had passed since Apera or any of his people had sighted a single moa. This was alarming for its meat was a vital source of protein, no small matter given this land was devoid of native animals. The moa’s feathers were prized as well for they made beautiful cloaks and shawls, which the rangatiras and high-born elders inevitably claimed for themselves.

In bygone years, moas congregated in large mobs along the river flats and in the valleys between the mountains and sea. It had been the Era of the Moa-Hunter in Aotearoa. Large-scale roundups sometimes resulted in a hundred or more moas being herded into some dead-end gully or driven to their deaths over the edge of a cliff. Their meat would feed an entire iwi throughout the winter. Those days were now long gone.

In recent years, hunting had greatly reduced the moas’ numbers. The surviving birds had been forced to retreat into dense bush in the most isolated regions to escape those who relentlessly hunted them.

After two centuries of abundance, the Te Arawa people, like Maoris everywhere, were facing starvation. Where previously the moa could be relied on to feed entire families, now each kill assumed great significance. Often it was the difference between full bellies and starvation, especially during the winter months. For most the flesh of the moa had been their main source of meat. These days they had to rely on smaller birds and fish to complement whatever fruit, seeds, berries, grubs and pikopiko, or fern shoots, they could find in the bush. Their coastal cousins also had access to shellfish and other seafood, but even they went hungry at times.

Apera hated seeing his people reduced to scavenging to survive. He knew his great ancestors who had guided the Arawa waka to this land would turn in their graves if they could see the state their descendants had been reduced to.

The golden age of the Maori was drawing to an end. In the two centuries since the big migration from Hawaiki, the people had thrived. There had been plenty for everyone; fish filled the rivers, lakes and seas; birds filled the forests and skies; there was abundant fertile land for crops and settlements; the people had few if any enemies; and iwis usually lived at peace with their neighbours. Aotearoa was the paradise Kupe had said it would be.

Now a change was coming over the land. It was becoming over-populated; forty tribes made up a population of one hundred-and-fifty-thousand people who occupied both the northern and southern islands. All the best sites for settlement and crops had been taken, and once-fertile land was becoming eroded and over-used. The climate was cooling noticeably and food was becoming scarce. Not only the moas were disappearing; so too were seals and various fish and bird varieties. The native pelicans and eagles were already extinct. Now it seemed the moa was going the same way.

The trail the hunters now followed linked Rotoiti and Rotoma, two volcanic lakes east of Rotorua. One day it would be known as Hongi’s Track – named after Hongi Hika, the leader of an enemy war party whose warriors would drag their wakas between the lakes in order to mount a surprise raid on Rotorua’s unsuspecting Te Arawa people. This trail was as muddy as the last one, and they slipped and slid as they descended a steep hill. Weeks of incessant rain had rendered all paths through the bush treacherous. Every now and then the trail skirted the edge of a steaming, hot, thermal pool or a bubbling mud pool. These along with live volcanoes and geysers were prevalent throughout the Te Arawa’s territory for it covered an active volcanic region.

Apera ordered his men to split up to improve their chances of finding a moa’s spoor. Two hunters immediately disappeared into the bush as they followed tributary tracks while the others made their own trails through the undergrowth.

Alone now, Apera continued along the same track he and the others had been following. The only sound apart from his breathing was the ever-present birdsong. It began at dawn and continued until dusk, never quietening unless a storm or some other significant natural event such as an earthquake was brewing. The cheet cheet of the tiny but fearless fantail, the melodic whistling accompanied by weird cackles and clicks of the beautiful tui, and the tui-like choruses of the bellbird combined with the unique calls of many other native birds to create a harmonious sound.

The rangatira stopped and cocked an ear. The distinctive wingbeats of a kereru [bush pigeon] carried to him. It took him a moment to spot the large bird with its green and white plumage. It was perched on one of the upper branches of a young kauri tree. The kereru was a favorite of his people. Its meat was delicious. He was tempted to spear it, but the urge quickly passed. He had bigger prey in mind.

Entering a gully at the foot of a hill he froze when he sensed movement amongst the trees on the hillside opposite. He remained motionless for several long minutes. Time seemed to stand still, nothing moved and he wondered if he’d imagined things.

Then he saw it: an adult moa. She was scouting for berries some thirty yards distant. He knew the moa was female because she was all of twelve feet tall, which was considerably taller than the males ever grew. This one, the tallest of her species, looked heavy, too. The rangatira estimated she must weigh all of six hundred pounds. She was so focussed on her search she didn’t notice the hunter whose spear was now raised.

Slowly extending his throwing arm full-length behind him, Apera took a deep breath before releasing his weapon. Propelled by a sling, the long spear flew with deadly accuracy, its serrated whalebone tip lodging in the breast of the unsuspecting moa. The big bird managed one solitary step backwards before toppling over. She was dead before her head hit the ground.

Apera let out a joyous shout. With luck the moa would feed his family and other families, too, for the remainder of the winter. The rangatira couldn’t wait to see the expressions on their faces when he lugged the moa’s mighty carcass back to his village. He hoped his fellow hunters had similar good fortune.

Suppressing his glee, he stood over the carcass and murmured a prayer of thanks to the spirits of the forest. He also thanked the moa. Tradition dictated that hunters thank the creatures they kill in appreciation of the fact that their flesh will feed them and their families. The moa’s feathers would also provide him with a fine feathered cloak, which would double as a warm blanket on cold nights, so he thanked her for her feathers also.

The kill was more significant than Apera could ever realise. He’d just slaughtered the last surviving moa in all of Aotearoa. The species was now extinct.

The Era of the Moa-Hunter had ended. A new and bloody era was about to begin.

For the first time, the hills and shores of Aotearoa echoed to the sounds of war. As competition for land and food resources increased, inter-tribal fighting became the norm. The inevitable result was war on a scale never before seen in Kupe’s land. Fighting was hand-to-hand, vicious and bloody.

One ugly side-effect of the conflict was cannibalism….